8. INTERNATIONAL MARMARA SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND INNOVATION CONGRESS
THE OTTOMAN SCHOLAR SAÇAKLĪZĀDE’S VIEWS ON THE CREATION OF THE QUR'ĀN
According to Islamic belief, the Qurʾān is a divine book that was revealed by God, and it has been preserved exactly since it was revealed. Muslims believe that the Qurʾān is uncreated, eternal and will infinitely exist as it is the word of God. This means that, just like Allah himself, the Qurʾān is uncreated. This perspective is prevalent, particularly in the belief of Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamāʿah. Major Sunni theologians such as Abū al-Hasan al-Ashʿarī (d. 324/935-36) and Abū Mansūr al-Māturīdī (d. 333/944) claimed that the Qurʾān is ‘eternal’. The Qurʾān is not a created being that is distinct from the essence of God, but His eternal word. Although this is a commonly shared perspective among scholars, different views on this issue have been put forward throughout the history of Islam. This diversity of views also found a political ground and focused on the question ‘Is the Qurʾān created or not?’ during the Abbasid period. The Muʿtazilite madhab argued that the Qurʾān was created, and to stress the unity and absolute oneness of God, and following this mindset, Muʿtazilite scholars claimed that His attributes were also created and therefore accepted the Qurʾān as created. Saçaklīzāde is one of the scholars who analysed the question of whether the Qurʾān is a created being and how madhabs diverged on this issue. He is one of the scholars who lived in the 17th century and was brought up in the Ottoman madrasa tradition. The author is originally from Kahramanmaraş, and his famous name comes from his family's nickname ‘Saçaklīzāde’. He composed a number of shorter and voluminous works in various Islamic sciences, such as kalām, fiqh, tafsīr and hadīth. Saçaklīzāde, who also addressed curricular issues in religion, philosophy and education, is noteworthy for his analyses of the problems of the period as seen in his work Tartīb al-ʿUlūm. Among his works that deal with theological issues are Nashr al-Tawāliʻ and Risālat al-Tenzīhāt. The attributes that make God free from those of created beings are discussed in chapters, particularly in the treatise of Tenzīhāt. One of the topics addressed in these chapters is God’s being uncreated. The problem of the creation of the Qurʾān is one of the subheadings discussed in relation to God’s being uncreated. Saçaklīzāde touches upon the differences between the Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamāʿah and Muʿtazilite madhabs after discussing the basic views in Sharḥ al-Fiqh al-Akbar and Sharh al-Mawāqif, which address the traditional problem of khalq al-Qurʾān.At the centre of the discussion in this study, in which the method of description and comparison was used, lies the distinction between the literal and spiritual meaning of God's words. According to Saçaklīzāde, the focal point of the main disagreement between the two schools is the issue of whether nafsī kalām exists or not.
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