Sosyal Bilimlerde Güncel Tartışmalar İnsan Çalışmaları 1

Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları

In this study, the influence of French symbolism on modern Turkish and Spanish poetry at the beginning of the 20th century will be comparatively examined. In the meantime, the Turkish and Spanish poetry movements in that period will be determined at first, and then the integration process of the French symbolism with the literature of both countries will be researched. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, there was an individual, social and intellectual crisis in Europe, which is defined as 'the century end sensitivity' in the literature history. While the new developments realized in the fields of physics, mathematics and psychology create comparative and multiple realities by re-questioning the fixed and absolute reality on the one hand, they give rise to lose trust for the rational mind on the other hand. This spiritual, social and intellectual trauma had been the main source that nurtured both the development of the symbolism movement, which was born and developed in France, and the development of the avantgarde movements later on. Symbolism that emerged in France towards the year 1870 and manifested itself especially in the field of poetry has influenced the world literature along with Turkish and Spanish literature thanks to its worldwide known poets, such as Stéphane Mallarmé, Charles Baudlaire, Paul Verlaine, Artur Rimbaud and Paul Valéry, and still continues to have an influence on them. The end of the 19th century brought to mind the year 1898 in the Spanish history and the generation of 98 in Spanish literature. Spain lost its colonies and came on the verge of political, ideological and mental collapse at that time. A group of patriotic writers, such as Azorín, Pio Baroja, Ganivet, Antonio Machado, Miguel de Unamuno and Valle-Inclán, who were questioning the crisis in which Spain was at that time and trying to overcome it and who made their marks on the world literature, passed into Spanish literature history as 'the generation of 98', and went into the effort of creating a new identity for Spain. While the writers of the generation of 98 were involved in an interaction with the literary and intellectual movements developed in Europe on the one hand, they were 'Spanishizing' these movements on the other hand, in other words, they were reviving them by appropriately transforming them into the Spanish culture. This long-running, compelling and painful effort did not manifest itself specifically only on the symbolism movement, but at the same time, it was also true for all the innovative movements developed in Europe during the 20th century. A similar situation was also true for modern Turkish poetry. The nationalization process of 'what comes from Europe' had been controversial for both countries' literature especially in the first half of the 20th century. At the same time, this process was also the reception process of modernism, and the reception of modernism in both geographies was a painful process regardless of the fact that they definitely differ greatly due to their subjective structures. Therefore, while Juan Ramόn Jiménez, one of the most important representatives of modern Spanish poetry, also defines Miguel de Unamuno as modernist with Rubén Darío, he also conscientiously emphasizes the fact that it should not be ignored that the movement is not mentioned as modernism in France despite the fact that it was influenced from France to a large extent: "Modernism' is used in the field of theology in France, but not in the field of literature. As the equivalent of the term in the field of literature, the terms of parnassianism, symbolism, and impressionism are used, and these are such terms that are used in both in the fields of painting

2018

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