25.ULUSLARARASI ORTAÇAĞ VE TÜRK DÖNEMİ KAZILARI VE SANAT TARİHİ ARAŞTIRMALARI
THE ROLE OF THE IWAN IN THE SPACE DESIGN OF MIDDLE AGES ANATOLIAN MADRASAS
Yayıncı:
Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Yayınları
The iwan, an ancient architectural form in Iran, Central Asia, and Mesopotamia, has monumental, functional, and symbolic. The tradition of building with an iwan, which has also been adopted in Turkish architecture, has gained its specific character in this architecture. With the acceptance of Islam, it was used in different building types such as madrasah, mosque, khanqah, hammam, palace, ribat, and at the same time played a decisive role in the plan and facade of these buildings. The madrasas, where the iwan is descriptive in plan typology and spatial organization, are the building group that constitutes the most examples. Madrasas are the first examples of the monumental use of the iwan in Turkish-Islamic architecture, and there are different opinions about their origins. Among these views, the most common in the history of art and architecture; is that the madrasahs with open courtyards come from the Buddhist viharas, and the madrasas with dome-covered courtyards come from the Khorasan houses. The four-way architectural fiction centred on the courtyard space in the viharas, and the iwans opening to the sofa in the Khorasan houses constitute the predecessors of the tradition with four iwans in the madrasas. At this point, the iwan appears as an important architectural element, which is also the subject of the origin studies of the madrasas. In this research, the madrasas belonging to the Anatolian Seljuk, Ilkhanid, The Beyliks, and Early Ottoman periods, which were built in Anatolia in the Middle Ages were discussed and also the role of the iwan in the design of the space in the madrasas was evaluated. Four examples from each period were determined and 12 madrasas were analysed. The changes of the iwan in the period was examined through morphological analysis methods. At this point, the number of iwans, the relationship between the iwan and central space (open-dome covered courtyard), the iwan-entrance relationship, location in the mass of the iwan, iwans cover, and characteristics of being a connecting space are discussed. In addition to these analyses, another point that makes the study original is that the samples were analysed using the space syntax method, and a comparison was made between periods and different iwans uses. In the context of the tradition of the madrasa with an iwan, iwan’s place in the spatial fiction, its determining and guiding role within the variables such as the period and usage were analysed syntactically through the space syntax method. With the space syntax analysis, the visual integration, connectivity, and average depth values of the main, side and entrance iwans, the open/closed courtyard and the entire spatial system were examined. In the light of these data, it has been determined that the main iwan is the place with the highest integration value after the central space, and it is supported as quantities by this analysis that the iwan is the second place after the courtyard. In addition, different values were obtained between madrasas with dome covered and open courtyards. The social reading of the analysis data of the madrasas with different iwan fictions was made.
